{"id":53954,"date":"2022-04-14T07:15:12","date_gmt":"2022-04-14T06:15:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atlantipedia.ie\/samples\/?p=53954"},"modified":"2023-01-07T08:39:54","modified_gmt":"2023-01-07T08:39:54","slug":"archive-7097","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/atlantipedia.ie\/samples\/archive-7097\/","title":{"rendered":"Archive 7097"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Top of Form<\/p>\n<p>The Odyssey &#8211; An Ancient Circumnavigation of the World<\/p>\n<p>Introduction<\/p>\n<p>by our guest author\u00a0Dr. Christine Pellech, Vienna<\/p>\n<p>How can one even come up with the idea of seeing an ancient circumnavigation\u00a0of the world in the wandering of Odysseus. A claim made by the lawyer\u00a0Henriette Mertz\u00a0from Chicago that\u00a0Odysseus\u00a0had also reached the American continent during his wanderings gave me the idea to test this theory on the basis of the\u00a0Homeric\u00a0epic.<\/p>\n<p>After careful removal of later additions, it could be seen that the travelogue goes back to a real circumnavigation of the world by the\u00a0Phoenicians\u00a0and is double-encased in Egyptian mythology on the one hand and Greek\u00a0mythology\u00a0on the other. The Phoenician sources were first incorporated into their\u00a0mythological\u00a0worldview by the\u00a0Egyptians. This Phoenician-Egyptian conglomerate was then taken over as a whole by the Greeks. But neither\u00a0Homer\u00a0nor any other Greek has ever seen through the true background. Therefore, in this fact-based description, he incorporated the plot associated with\u00a0Odysseus, a hero of the\u00a0Trojan War.<\/p>\n<p>Thus, a assumption already expressed several times in antiquity by\u00a0Strabon,\u00a0Crates of Mallos\u00a0and others\u00a0receives\u00a0new food: The travelers of the Odyssey had left the narrow basin of the\u00a0Mediterranean\u00a0through the\u00a0Strait of Gibraltar\u00a0and sailed the\u00a0Atlantic. The latest research results in the scientific disciplines and also in shipbuilding as well as the exact descriptions in the\u00a0Odyssey\u00a0allow the identification of the individual stations of the journey also in\u00a0North\u00a0and\u00a0South America. The route continues across the Pacific &#8211; here too, evidence after clue &#8211; through the\u00a0Torres Strait\u00a0north of\u00a0Australia\u00a0past\u00a0India\u00a0and from there to the\u00a0Horn of Africa. The sailors eventually pass through the\u00a0Red Sea\u00a0to\u00a0Egypt\u00a0and then to their homeland\u00a0of Phoenicia\u00a0and not to the Greek island of\u00a0Ithaca\u00a0as described by\u00a0Homer. If you follow the individual stages of the journey, you can clearly see the route of an ancient circumnavigation of the world.<\/p>\n<p>Now the individual stations of the odyssey are to be geographically located in the order specified by\u00a0Homer. It must be pointed out that only the geographical position with the most important considerations can be recapitulated here. Detailed evidence can be found in\u00a0the author&#8217;s book\u00a0on the\u00a0Odyssey.<\/p>\n<p>The first station of\u00a0Odysseus&#8217; wandering\u00a0is the land of the\u00a0Lotophages<strong>.<\/strong>\u00a0These settled west of\u00a0Egypt\u00a0on the North African coast; they probably lived there under Egyptian sovereignty. The\u00a0lotus fruit, which robs the companions of\u00a0Odysseus\u00a0of memory, is an addictive plant. It has been proven that drugs of various kinds were in use in all ancient advanced cultures.<\/p>\n<p>The second station is located on the coast of today&#8217;s\u00a0Tunisia, where, according to legend, the\u00a0Cyclops\u00a0lived.\u00a0Homer\u00a0describes both the great fertility of the Cyclops country and the peculiar dwelling of the\u00a0giant\u00a0Polyphemus<strong>.<\/strong>\u00a0In ancient times, this now desolate land was fertile and an important granary of Rome. The cave of\u00a0Polyphemus\u00a0described in the\u00a0Odyssey corresponds\u00a0perfectly to today&#8217;s rock dwellings of\u00a0Matmata.\u00a0Lake Triton, called By\u00a0Homer, can be found in today&#8217;s\u00a0Schott el-Djerid, which is proven by two ancient texts:\u00a0Herodotus\u00a0reports that the lake is connected to the sea, and\u00a0Skylax\u00a0already writes that access to the lake is muddy and entry is difficult, especially at low tide.<\/p>\n<p>The third stop is the island of the wind god\u00a0Aiolos: &#8220;<em>Impenetrable rises around the floating island a wall of ore and a smooth rock streak<\/em>&#8220;. In the\u00a0Aeolos Island\u00a0I could see the ship of a high culture, which has all the factors mentioned. At the same time, it was also able, as described, to change its position.<\/p>\n<p>The author was able to locate the\u00a0L\u00e4strygon people\u00a0on the Norwegian coast south of the\u00a0Arctic Circle.\u00a0Homer\u00a0describes exactly the coast with its\u00a0fjords\u00a0and the special lighting conditions &#8211; the day lasts much longer in summer than the night.<\/p>\n<p>Aiaia, the island of the\u00a0sorceress Kirke, is an island of\u00a0Lofoten\u00a0north of the Arctic Circle. Here we find the\u00a0polar day\u00a0and the\u00a0polar night.\u00a0Odysseus\u00a0and his companions can no longer orient themselves here according to the sun.<\/p>\n<p>From the eastern shore of\u00a0the Okeanos, which is to be equated with the\u00a0Atlantic, they drive to the western, the realm of the dead. In ancient times, this was always located in the direction of the setting sun. The realm of the dead was equated with the underworld, the geographically lower world. But since the Greeks did not understand this, they made it their realm of the dead, their mythological underworld.\u00a0Odysseus\u00a0arrives in this land in a single night, namely in the week-long\u00a0polar night. There he meets the\u00a0Cimmerians.<\/p>\n<p>Homer\u00a0describes them as miserable people, because\u00a0Helios, the sun, never looks down on them. They are probably\u00a0Inuits\u00a0on\u00a0Labrador, which he encounters in the\u00a0polar night.<\/p>\n<p>Danach sucht\u00a0Odysseus\u00a0ein Flu\u00dftal auf, das ihm von\u00a0Kirke\u00a0angegeben worden war. Hierbei handelt es sich um das Tal des\u00a0St.Lorenz-Stromes\u00a0mit den\u00a0Niagara-F\u00e4llen\u00a0und der Kanadischen Seenplatte. Das Wasser des Grausens sind die Grauen erweckenden\u00a0Niagara-F\u00e4lle\u00a0am\u00a0Ontariosee, deren Wasser im Sturz und durch den gewaltigen Aufprall zerst\u00e4ubt werden, soda\u00df sich bei Sonneneinstrahlung ein Regenbogen bildet. Der Abflu\u00df des\u00a0Ontariosees, der\u00a0Kokytos, ist der\u00a0St.Lorenz-Strom, welcher durch die\u00a0Gorge-Schlucht\u00a0nach Osten str\u00f6mt und vor allem zur Zeit der Schneeschmelze mit hoher Geschwindigkeit \u00fcber die\u00a0Katarakte\u00a0flie\u00dft. Die Vereinigung des\u00a0Kokytos\u00a0mit dem\u00a0Pyriphlegeton\u00a0ist die Einm\u00fcndung des\u00a0Ottawa-Rivers\u00a0in den\u00a0St.Lorenz-Strom\u00a0im Gebiet der heutigen Stadt\u00a0Montreal. Der\u00a0St.Lorenz-Strom\u00a0unterhalb der Vereinigung wird bei\u00a0Homer\u00a0Acheron\u00a0genannt. Im Gebiet, in dem die beiden Fl\u00fcsse zusammentreffen, liegt ein auff\u00e4lliger bewaldeter Felsen, der\u00a0Mont Royal\u00a0der Frankokanadier. Diese geographischen Verh\u00e4ltnisse sind sowohl in der\u00a0Odyssee\u00a0als auch bei den\u00a0Argonauten\u00a0<sup>[1]<\/sup>\u00a0genau beschrieben. Im\u00a0Mont Royal\u00a0gibt es eine gewaltige H\u00f6hle, die in der\u00a0Odyssee\u00a0den Eingang zur Unterwelt darstellt. Au\u00dferdem finden sich im\u00a0St.Lorenz-Stromtal\u00a0die in den antiken Epen erw\u00e4hnten Pappeln, Weiden und Platanen; letztere k\u00f6nnen unter winterlichen Bedingungen nur hier existieren.<\/p>\n<p>Auf des\u00a0Okeanos\u00a0Flusses Str\u00f6mung gelangt\u00a0Odysseus\u00a0mit seinen Gef\u00e4hrten zur\u00fcck zu\u00a0Kirke. Der\u00a0Okeanos\u00a0ist der\u00a0Atlantik, die genannte Str\u00f6mung der\u00a0Golfstrom.<\/p>\n<p>Der weitere Weg f\u00fchrt\u00a0Odysseus\u00a0an den\u00a0Sirenen\u00a0vorbei. Unter den\u00a0Sirenen\u00a0ist die brasilianische Vogelwelt zu verstehen, welche auf der zweiten Unterweltinsel &#8211;\u00a0S\u00fcdamerika\u00a0&#8211; lebt.\u00a0Odysseus\u00a0war davor gewarnt worden, beim lieblichen Gesang der\u00a0Sirenen\u00a0zu verweilen und die K\u00fcste anzulaufen. Warum nur? Der brasilianischen K\u00fcste sind steil aufragende Riffe vorgelagert, welche dem Seefahrer den Tod bringen.<\/p>\n<p>Von\u00a0Brasilien\u00a0kommend gelangt\u00a0Odysseus\u00a0unter Ausn\u00fctzung des\u00a0Brasilstromes\u00a0und der vorherrschenden Nordwinde zu den Plankten.\u00a0<sup>[2]<\/sup>\u00a0Diese Inseln werden seit der fr\u00fchen Neuzeit als Feuerland bezeichnet, weil die vorbeikommenden Seefahrer auf den H\u00f6hen stets zahlreiche von den Eingeborenen entfachte Feuer beobachteten, wie auch in der\u00a0Odyssee\u00a0beschrieben. Die St\u00fcrme sind dort derma\u00dfen vernichtend, da\u00df &#8211; wie\u00a0Homer\u00a0sagt &#8211; der Fels immer eine Taube raubt, die\u00a0Zeus\u00a0wieder erg\u00e4nzt.<\/p>\n<p>Nach Umrundung der S\u00fcdspitze\u00a0Amerikas\u00a0fahren die Helden jenen &#8220;<em>Felsen entlang, der nach Westen schaut<\/em>&#8220;, worunter der Gebirgszug der\u00a0Anden\u00a0zu verstehen ist. Dort treffen sie zum ersten Mal auf die\u00a0Skylla, die Eingeborenen.\u00a0Homer\u00a0beschreibt sie als vielk\u00f6pfiges, br\u00fcllendes Ungeheuer. Danach durchqueren\u00a0Odysseus\u00a0und seine Gef\u00e4hrten das Veilchenblaue Meer in westlicher Richtung, womit der\u00a0Pazifik\u00a0gemeint ist und das\u00a0Schwarze Meer, den\u00a0Golf von Bengalen. Mit der\u00a0Charybdis\u00a0sind die drohenden Gefahren des Meeres umschrieben.<\/p>\n<p>Die n\u00e4chste Station der Fahrt ist\u00a0Thrinakia, die Dreiecksinsel, worunter der\u00a0Indische Subkontinent\u00a0zu verstehen ist. Hier weist das Schlachtverbot f\u00fcr Stiere auf die\u00a0Industalkultur\u00a0hin. Da\u00a0Odysseus\u00a0dieses nicht einh\u00e4lt, wird er sp\u00e4ter mit dem Verlust seiner Gef\u00e4hrten bestraft.<\/p>\n<p>Zwischen\u00a0Thrinakia\u00a0und\u00a0Afrika\u00a0wird das Meer das Purpurfarbene genannt; es ist das\u00a0Erythr\u00e4ische Meer\u00a0des Altertums, bzw. das heutige\u00a0Arabische Meer. In einem Sturm verliert\u00a0Odysseus\u00a0alle seine Gef\u00e4hrten und kann sich an einen Schiffsteil geklammert auf die Insel\u00a0Ogygia\u00a0retten.<\/p>\n<p>Mit\u00a0Ogygia\u00a0ist Arabien gemeint.\u00a0Odysseus\u00a0verweilt dort sieben Jahre bei der Nymphe\u00a0Kalypso, und erst auf G\u00f6tterbeschlu\u00df gibt sie ihn frei. Durch das\u00a0Rote Meer\u00a0f\u00e4hrt er zu jenen\u00a0Ph\u00e4aken, die auf der Insel\u00a0Scheria, der\u00a0Halbinsel Sinai, wohnen. Die\u00a0Ph\u00e4aken\u00a0sind mit dem gesamten\u00a0\u00e4gyptischen Volk\u00a0des\u00a0Neuen Reiches\u00a0gleichzusetzen.<\/p>\n<p>Die Fahrt des\u00a0Odysseus\u00a0f\u00fchrt von Grauen Meer, dem\u00a0Mittelmeer\u00a0in den\u00a0Okeanos, den\u00a0Atlantik. Von dort \u00fcber das Veilchenblaue Meer, den\u00a0Pazifik\u00a0und das\u00a0Schwarze Meer, den\u00a0Golf von Bengalen, ins Purpurfarbene, das\u00a0Arabische Meer. Unverstanden beschreibt\u00a0Homer\u00a0eine Reise in westlicher Richtung auf der Erdkugel und nicht auf der in der Vorstellung der Griechen verankerten Erdscheibe.<\/p>\n<p>Setzen wir aber die Vorstellung der Erdkugel als Grundlage f\u00fcr die Interpretation alter Texte, so erh\u00e4lt auch die von\u00a0Platon\u00a0<sup>[3]<\/sup>\u00a0beschriebene Insel\u00a0Atlantis\u00a0eine neue Bedeutung:<\/p>\n<p>Machen wir den Versuch in das Zitat von\u00a0Platon\u00a0f\u00fcr die Insel\u00a0Atlantis\u00a0den Kontinent\u00a0Amerika\u00a0einzusetzen: \u201e<em>Denn vor dem Eingange, der, wie ihr sagt, die\u00a0<\/em><em>S\u00e4ulen des Herakles<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em>(Gibraltar)<em>\u00a0hei\u00dft, befand sich eine Insel, gr\u00f6\u00dfer als\u00a0<\/em><em>Asien<\/em><em>\u00a0und\u00a0<\/em><em>Libyen<\/em><em>\u00a0zusammengenommen<\/em>.&#8221; Unter \u201e<em>Asien<\/em>\u201c ist aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach\u00a0Kleinasien\u00a0gemeint und unter \u201e<em>Libyen<\/em>\u201c der komplette\u00a0nordafrikanische Raum\u00a0mit dem Gebiet der\u00a0Sahara. &#8220;<em>Gr\u00f6\u00dfer noch als das alles zusammen war diese Insel\u00a0<\/em>(Atlantis\u00a0=\u00a0Amerika)<em>\u00a0im\u00a0<\/em><em>Atlantik<\/em><em>; von welcher\u00a0<\/em>(Atlantis\u00a0=\u00a0Amerika)<em>\u00a0den damals Reisenden der Zugang zu den \u00fcbrigen Inseln\u00a0<\/em>(S\u00fcdseeinseln)<em>\u00a0beherrschte, von diesen\u00a0<\/em>(S\u00fcdseeinseln)<em>\u00a0aber zu dem ganzen gegen\u00fcberliegenden, an jenem wahren Meere\u00a0<\/em>(Pazifik; das wahre Meer, weil es der gr\u00f6\u00dfte Ozean ist und die halbe Erdkugel bedeckt)<em>\u00a0gelegenen Festland\u00a0<\/em>(Asien)<em>\u00a0offenstand. Denn das innerhalb jenes Eingangs\u00a0<\/em>(Gibraltar)<em>, von dem wir sprechen, befindliche Meer\u00a0<\/em>(=\u00a0Mittelmeer)<em>\u00a0erscheint als ein Hafen\u00a0<\/em>(Binnenmeer ohne Durchfahrt)<em>\u00a0mit einer engen Einfahrt\u00a0<\/em>(Gibraltar)<em>; Jenes\u00a0<\/em>(der\u00a0Atlantik)<em>\u00a0aber w\u00e4re wohl wirklich ein Meer\u00a0<\/em>(Okeanos\u00a0= der in sich zur\u00fcckflie\u00dfende Wasserkreis)<em>, das es umgebende Festland\u00a0<\/em>(Atlantis\u00a0=\u00a0Amerika)<em>\u00a0aber mit vollstem Rechte ein Festland zu nennen.<\/em>\u201c F\u00fcr heutige Begriffe m\u00fcsste man \u201e<em>Festland<\/em>\u201c durch \u201e<em>Kontinent<\/em>\u201c ersetzen, da\u00a0Platon\u00a0auch\u00a0Asien\u00a0als Festland bezeichnet.<\/p>\n<p>Die genauen Ausf\u00fchrungen der Reise des\u00a0Odysseus\u00a0und der Beschreibung der Insel\u00a0Atlantis\u00a0durch\u00a0Platon\u00a0finden man in meinem Buch \u201eDie Odyssee \u2013 Eine antike Weltumsegelung\u201c.\u00a0<sup>[4]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><strong>Current publication of the author<\/strong>\u00a0(coming soon):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Christine Pellech, &#8220;<strong>The Discovery of America: Cultural Diffusionism in a New Perspective<\/strong>&#8220;,\u00a0Volume 1and\u00a0Volume 2, Verlag K\u00f6nig, 2013<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Online article in English:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Astronomical support for Pellech&#8217;s interpretations of the eposes of the Argonauts and the Odyssey, in:\u00a0<em>Migration &amp; Diffusion<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Site of Atlantis found(with\u00a0Norman Frey), in:\u00a0<em>Migration &amp; Diffusion<\/em><\/li>\n<li>The knowledge of America, Arctica, Antarctica and Australia on ancient maps, in:\u00a0<em>Migration &amp; Diffusion<\/em>, 2009<\/li>\n<li>A 14,000 years old world sea map, in:\u00a0<em>Migration &amp; Diffusion<\/em>, 2005<\/li>\n<li>Crossing the Atlantic in early times, in:\u00a0<em>Migra<\/em><\/li>\n<li>000<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Notes and sources<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>^See:\u00a0<strong>Christine Pellech<\/strong>, &#8220;Die Argo<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><em>tion &amp; Diffusion<\/em>, 2nauten \u2013 Eine Weltkulturgeschichte des Altertums&#8221;, Verlag K\u00f6nig, 2011<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>?Editor&#8217;s note: According to conventional wisdom, the planks or\u00a0symplegads\u00a0are mainly suspected at the entrance of the\u00a0Black Sea, and the terrible rocks of the legend were identified e.B. as &#8220;<em>two harmless reefs on the European side, the so-called Kyaneen<\/em>&#8220;. Source:\u00a0<strong>Eduard Meyer<\/strong>, &#8220;Geschichte des Altertums&#8221;, Darmstadt 1965, Third volume: Der Ausgang der altorientalischen Geschichte und der Aufstieg des Abendlandes bis zu den Perserkriegen, V. The Greek Middle Ages -&gt; The Culture of the Greek Middle Ages -&gt; Shipping, Trade, Transport, under:\u00a0Hellespont and Pontos\u00a0(after: Zeno.org)<\/li>\n<li>^Editor&#8217;s note: On Plato&#8217;s\u00a0developed idea of a not disc-shaped, but spherical earth see:\u00a0&#8220;and therefore spherical, circular he turned it&#8221;\u00a0(Timaios\u00a033b)<\/li>\n<li>^See:<strong>Christine Pellech<\/strong>, &#8220;Die Odyssee \u2013 Eine antike Weltumsegelung&#8221; Verlag K\u00f6nig, 2011<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Top of Form The Odyssey &#8211; An Ancient Circumnavigation of the World Introduction by our guest author\u00a0Dr. Christine Pellech, Vienna How can one even come up with the idea of seeing an ancient circumnavigation\u00a0of the world in the wandering of Odysseus. A claim made by the lawyer\u00a0Henriette Mertz\u00a0from Chicago that\u00a0Odysseus\u00a0had also reached the American continent [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[5322],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53954","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archive"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlantipedia.ie\/samples\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53954","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlantipedia.ie\/samples\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlantipedia.ie\/samples\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlantipedia.ie\/samples\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlantipedia.ie\/samples\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=53954"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/atlantipedia.ie\/samples\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53954\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":57339,"href":"https:\/\/atlantipedia.ie\/samples\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53954\/revisions\/57339"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlantipedia.ie\/samples\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=53954"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlantipedia.ie\/samples\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=53954"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlantipedia.ie\/samples\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=53954"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}