Geodesy

Published August 28, 2012

Geodesy is usually defined as the me asurement and mapping of the Earth. James R. Smith, the author of Introduction to Geodesy ^[^1947] has conflated several definitions to produce “Geodesy, from the Greek, literally means dividing the earth, and as a first objective, the practice of geodesy should provide an accurate framework for the control of national topographical surveys. Thus geodesy is the science that determines the figure of the earth and the interrelation of selected points on its surface by either direct or indirect techniques. These characteristics further make it a branch of applied mathematics, one that must include observations that can be used to determine the size and shape of the earth and the definition of coordinate systems for threedimensional positioning; the variation of phenomena near to or on the surface, such as gravity, tides, earth rotation, crustal movement, and deflection of the plumb line; together with units of measurement and methods of representing the curved earth surface on a flat sheet of paper.”

Geodesy as a science can be traced back to Pythagoras (6^th cent. BC), who was thought to be the first to propose the sphericity of the Earth. Aristotle & Archimedes were apparently the first the offer a figure for the diameter of the Earth, suggesting 400,000 and 300,000 stades respectively. The difference might be partly explained by the use of a different length of stade.

Later, Eratosthenes (276 BC– 195 BC) offered another early attempt to determine the dimensions of our Earth and succeeded with remarkable accuracy.

A controversial aspect of modern geodesy is the claim that many ancient sites were deliberately established at locations that had a specific geodetic relationship to each other and/or the dimensions of the Earth. For example^(a)in ancient Egypt, the distance from Giza to the Equator was calculated to be 1/12^th the circumference of the Earth, Amarna to the Equator is 1/13^th, Luxor 1/14^th and Philae 1/15^th!

Graham Hancock in his Heaven’s Mirror^[855] pointed to similar relationships around the globe suggesting a possible world grid. This idea of a world grid has a number of supporters but is often classified as a ‘fringe’ interest due to the attempt by some to link gridlines with UFOs and their use of the grid as a power source^(w). Hancock’s various claims regarding the dimensions of the pyramids and their association with a suggested world grid has been challenged in great detail by a Hall of Maat article by Thomas W. Schroeder^(ah), concluded that “Graham Hancock’s assertion that the Great Pyramid’s dimensions reveal knowledge of earth’s dimensions certainly lacks proof but also fails to hold up to any scrutiny as a viable theory. Each step argued by Hancock; that the Great Pyramid was built to a specific scalar, that the value of the scalar can be definitively demonstrated, that the scalar indicates precession, that the only way ancient Egyptians could estimate precession is to leverage or borrow knowledge from earlier advanced and unrecognized civilizations, are each filled with flaws when taken individually, let alone when strung together to complete his narrative.”

>>The idea of a global grid has been pursued by a number of investigators, often with conflicting results. In the 1980s William Becker and Bethe Hagens published their widely referenced Planetary Earth Grid^(aj). They “discussed the code of the Platonic Solids’ positions on Earth, ascribing this discovery to the work of Ivan P. Sanderson, who was the first to make a case for the structure of the icosahedron at work in the Earth. He did this by locating what he referred to as Vile Vortices refer to a claim that there are twelve geometrically distributed geographic areas that are alleged to have the same mysterious qualities popularly associated with the Bermuda Triangle, the Devil’s Sea near Japan, and the South Atlantic Anomaly.”^(ak)<<

Possibly related features may be the ley lines identified by Alfred Watkins in Britain^(c)(g), the Alesia alignments in France discovered by Xavier Guichard^(b)and/or the Heilige Linien of Germany claimed by Wilhelm Teudt^(aa).

Heinz Kaminski claimed to have discovered a megalithic grid system that stretched from Stonehenge across Europe with an east-west and north-south orientation and referred to as the Stonehenge/Wormbach System^(h).

Even more exotic is the ancient Raetiastone navigation system rediscovered by Gerhard Pirchl (1942-2013) and outlined in a book by ^[1831] Thomas Walli^(ae).

Ashley Cowie has published a paper^(ac) related to Alesia and the work of Guichard and others, as well as his own investigations.

I should also point out that Marcel Mestdagh also identified a form of a road system, laid out in giant ovals with radials in France. At the centre of these ovals was the ancient city of Sens. Philip Coppens informs us ^[1275.184] that a further strange discovery by Mestdagh was that this ancient road network, centred on Sens, was mirrored by a similar network of roads in England centred on Nottingham!

‘The Way of Virachoca’ in the Andes which runs through Tiwanaku and is oriented exactly 45° west of true north and runs for over 1000 miles, has been studied by Maria Scholten d’Ebneth ^[¹²³⁶^] in the 1970s and expanded on by a number of Spanish speaking commentators and is now the subject of an article by Dave Truman^(x).

In 1973, three Russians, engineers Valery Makarov and Vyacheslav Morozov along with Nikolay Goncharov, an artist, published in Russian an article with the eye-catching title of Is the Earth a Giant Crystal?^(y) This was probably the earliest presentation of an earth grid based on ancient historical sites. A brief history of the earth grid theories that emerged around this time is available online^(z). There is now a Russian geodesy website with an English translation^(ab).

David Hatcher Childress published his Anti-Gravity and the World Grid ^[1303] in 1993, with the modest claim that he “proves that the earth is surrounded by an intricate electronic grid network offering free energy.” Obviously, Childress’ understanding of ‘proof’ is different to mine, as the only proof required is the production of some of this free energy, which he has not done.

Tom Brooks^(ai) entered the fray with a study of 1500 prehistoric sites and his conclusion that the inhabitants of ancient Britain had designed a navigation system based on a grid of isosceles triangles⁽ⁱ⁾. Brooks has gone a step further and speculatively claimed that the accuracy of this geometry-based system could only have been designed through “extraterrestrial intervention”^(r). This concept is explored more fully in his latest book, Seeing Around Corners: Geometry in Stone Age Britain ^[863]and in a series of video clips^(s). A more critical view of Brooks’ ideas is also available on the Internet^(j).

Some years ago a former employee of a NASA sub-contractor, Maurice Chatelain claimed that within a 450-mile radius of the Aegean island of Delos that 13 mystical sites, when connected by straight lines formed a perfect Maltese Cross^(u)!

Others such as Livio Stecchini^(d) and Jim Alison^(e)using geodetic calculations have identified São Tomé and Cape Verde respectively as the location of Atlantis. I must also include Hugo Kennes, a Belgian researcher with a passionate interest in global grids and sacred geometry^(l). Kennes has also informed me of a new Facebook group^(q) dealing with all aspects of the subject, as well as another^(v) that includes submerged cities and other features.

Anyone interested in pursuing a study of this subject might like to look over James Q. Jacobs’ archaeogeodesy website^(f) as well as the BioGeometry website ^(m).

If you have pursued all the links so far, you can pamper yourself further with a paper^(k) by William Becker and Beth Hagens⁽ⁿ⁾.Another researcher in this field is Dan Shaw whose website^(o) gives a good overview of the subject.

Jean-Pierre Lacroix added his weight to the debate with his 1998 paper entitled The Mapmakers from the Ice Age^(t).

A global network of sacred sites was also put forward by Rand Flem-Ath & Colin Wilson in The Atlantis Blueprint ^[⁰⁶³^]. This book was intended as a sequel to When the Sky Fell ^[⁰⁶²^], but generally wandered off into other areas after the first couple of chapters.

I am somewhat sceptical about certain aspects of geodesy, particularly some of the claims of a world grid. However, it does raise many questions that require further study and explanation. In this connection, I would recommend John Sase’s Curious Alignments ^[1589]as a good starting point. He confirms the work of Guichard and also offers a range of his own discoveries in the Great Lakes region.

In February 2020, Frank Maglione Nicholson, Ken Phungrasamee & David Grimason, collectively known as The Nazca Group^(ad), published The Nazca Great Circle Map Hypothesis. Their claim is that “The lines and geoglyphs carved into the Nazca plateau represent a map of the Earth. The map is a Great Circle Map: a gnomonic projection with the center of the Earth as its cartographic viewpoint. Each line on the Nazca Plateau represents a great circle of navigation centred at the centre of the Earth and encircling the entire planet. The majority of the lines on the Nazca Plateau radiate from five loci of origin called radial centres.” I found this rather esoteric proposition difficult to absorb.

Arturo Villamarin has published many books ^[1864] and papers^(af)(ag) in which the geometry and astronomy of archaeological monuments; Göbekli Tepe, Stonehenge, Teotihuacán and Mohenjo Daro, among others, are discussed.

^(a) http://www.ancient-wisdom.com/geodesy.htm

^(b) http://www.ancient-wisdom.com/xavierguichard.htm

^(c) http://www.ancient-wisdom.com/leylines.htm

^(d) http://www.metrum.org/mapping/atlantis.htm (link broken Dec. 2020)

^(e) http://home.hiwaay.net/~jalison/concl.html

^(f) https://web.archive.org/web/20200917015056/http://www.jqjacobs.net/index.html

^(g)https://liminalthresholds.blogspot.ie/2008/04/earth-energy-ley-lines.html

^(h)https://atlantisforschung.de/index.php?title=Die_%22ganzheitliche_Atlantisforschung%22_des_Prof._Heinz_Kaminski

⁽ⁱ⁾ See: https://web.archive.org/web/20160628154229/https://www.prehistoric-geometry.co.uk/

^(j) https://www.badscience.net/2010/01/voices-of-the-ancients/

^(k) https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/antigravityworldgrid/ciencia_antigravityworldgrid02.htm

^(l) https://web.archive.org/web/20210518205346/http://users.telenet.be/kenneshugo/alternative history sciences.htm

^(m) https://web.archive.org/web/20170328094319/https://www.biogeometry.org/page34.html

⁽ⁿ⁾ Bethe Hagens – Geometry, Anthropology anf the Arts of Consciousness (archive.org)

^(o) https://www.vortexmaps.com/grid-history.php

^(q) https://www.facebook.com/groups/175027289350368/

^(r) https://www.prehistoric-geometry.co.uk/ [See (i)]

^(s) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R35A80kV0AU&feature=relmfu

^(t) https://ancientcartography.net/geoAN.html

^(u) https://www.mail-archive.com/ctrl@listserv.aol.com/msg28306.html

^(v) https://www.facebook.com/groups/493298404177687/

^(w) https://predictionsmargiekay.blogspot.ie/2014/08/lines-of-latitude-and-ufoparanormal-hot.html

^(x) https://grahamhancock.com/trumand1/

^(y) https://atlantipedia.ie/samples/archive-3193/

^(z) https://www.vortexmaps.com/grid-history.php

^(aa) https://www.cantab.net/users/michael.behrend/repubs/teudt_hl/pages/index.html

^(ab) http://geolines.ru/eng/

^(ac) Solstice Axis Of The Ancient Gauls — ASHLEY COWIE (archive.org)

^(ad) The Nazca Solution – The final solution to what the Nazca Lines represent (archive.org)

^(ae) https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=2146413597

^(af) (99+) (PDF) THE GEOMETRY AND ASTRONOMY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENTS | Arturo Villamarin – Academia.edu

^(ag) (99+) (PDF) THE GEOMETRY AND ASTRONOMY OF GOBEKLI TEPE | Arturo Villamarin – Academia.edu

^(ah) https://www.hallofmaat.com/numerology/a-critique-of-graham-hancocks-forced-numerical-relationship-between-the-great-pyramid-of-giza-and-earths-dimensions-1/

^(ai) Prehistoric man ‘used crude sat nav’ | Stonehenge Stone Circle News and Information (stonehenge-stone-circle.co.uk) *

^(aj) Microsoft Word – antigravity.doc (montalk.net) *

^(ak) https://www.crystalinks.com/grids.html *

Tagged Alesia, Alfred Watkins, Andes, Archimedes, Aristotle, Arturo Villamarin, Ashley Cowie, Beth Hagens, Bethe Hagens, Cape Verde, Colin Wilson, Dan Shaw, Dave Truman, David Grimason, David Hatcher Childress, Delos, Eratosthenes, Facebook, Frank Maglione Nicholson, Geodesy, Gerhard Pirchl, Giza, Gobekli Tepe, Graham Hancock, Hall of Maat, Heilige Linien, Heinz Kaminski, Hugo Kennes, James Q. Jacobs, James R. Smith, Jean-Pierre Lacroix, Jim Alison, Ken Phungrasamee, ley lines, Livio Stecchini, Maltese Cross, Marcel Mestagh, Maria Scholten d’Ebneth, Maurice Chatelain, Mohenjo-Daro, Nikolay Goncharov, Nottingham, Philip Coppens, Pythagoras, Rannd Flem-Ath, Rasetiastone, Sao Tome, Sens, Stades, Stonehenge, Teotihuacan, The Nazca Group, The Way of Virachoca, Thomas W. Schroeder, Thomas Walli, Tiwanaku, Tom Brooks, UFO's, Valery Makarov, Vyacheslav Morozov, Wilhelm Teudt, William Becker, Wormbach, Xavier Guichard

Antikythera Mechanism*

Published May 31, 2010

The Antikythera Mechanism is one of the most remarkable artefacts ever discovered. It was found by sponge divers off the coast of the Aegean island of Antikythera just over a century ago. The device consists of four fragments with a total of 30 bronze gears.

Very little intensive investigation was done until the early 1950s when Derek J. de Solla Price (1922-1983) a professor at Yale University undertook a study of the Mechanism. His conclusions were published in several papers including Gears from the Greeks, now available as a pdf file^(r).

It was originally dated to the 1^st century BC and had been ascribed by some to the Greek astronomer Hipparchos, but recent research by Professor Alexander Jones of New York’s Institute for the Study of the Ancient World has pushed this back to the 2^nd century BC⁽^b⁾. Jones dismissed as ‘desperate’ a suggestion by Dr Jo Marchant, that the mechanism had been part of a timepiece that possibly controlled the sequential appearance of figures to indicate seasons. Marchant is the author of Decoding the Heavens: Solving the Mystery of the World’s First Computer^[^1460].

However, there is an inclination to look at the Antikythera in isolation and ignore the fact that as early as the 5th century BC “the Greeks were able to design and build self-directed machines. There is evidence that they built a bronze automaton of an eagle and a dolphin that were on display at the Olympic Games. Many of the automatons developed were only toys, such as the birds invented by Archytas (c. 428–347 BC). However, one inventor known as Philon of Byzantium (c. 280 BC–220 BC), invented a repeating crossbow.

It seems that in the Hellenistic period, developments in automation really advanced. In this period inventors used a complex system of levers, pulleys and wheels to build self-directed machinery. Rhodes became well known for its machine and there were two automatons in one of its main squares, to impress visitors.”^(aq) To me, it appears that Antikythera Mechanism is just a natural development of the mechanical skills that had emerged at that time and was also used later by the Romans, but not to the same extent.

“Mark Anthony had an automaton of Julius Caesar, made of wax, depicting Caesar rising from his deathbed and turning, slowly, to display his twenty-three bleeding wounds to the crowd. This started a riot and led to Brutus and the other killers of Caesar fleeing the city.” ^(aq)

Furthermore, we should not think that the Mechanism is unique as similar devices were referred to by the Roman orator Cicero (106-43 BC) in his De Re Publica 1.14.^(ar)

A report⁽ⁿ⁾ published in November 2014 revised further the date of the Mechanism’s creation back to 205 BC. Further research by the American historian James Evans led him to offer the claim that the mathematics on which this machine is based (more precisely the arithmetic) does not correspond to the Greek, but does to the Babylonian^(ai). The level of ancient Greek celestial knowledge is also being reappraised in the light of a recent study of a decorated cup of a type known as a skyphos^(o).

The superiority of Babylonian mathematics was supported by a recent study of a 3,700-year-old tablet known as Plimpton 322. The tablet was discovered around a century ago by Edgar J. Banks in what is now southern Iraq. Australian scientists from the University of New South Wales, Sydney have now demonstrated that the tablet is the world’s oldest and most accurate trigonometric table, predating the Greek astronomer Hipparchos by over a millennium^(z).

The Mechanism is a clockwork device for calculating astronomical events. A number of models have been built^(c), based on the evidence of the fragments discovered and further study is continuing. Even Lego was used by designer Andrew Carol to build a replica of the mechanism^(e)(d). Furthermore, in November 2011 Hublot, the Swiss watch manufacturer, revealed^(h) that they had designed a wristwatch based on the Antikythera Mechanism.

In 2008, it was announced that writing engraved on the housing indicated the locations of athletic games; “The Games dial shows six competitions, four Panhellenic (Olympics, Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean) plus Naa (Dodona) and very probably Halieia (Rhodes)^(w).“

At the same time, a possible connection with the renowned Archimedes was posited by some commentators^(f). An even more remarkable feature was the clever use of two gears, one positioned slightly off-centre in relation to the other, allowing the mechanism to track the apparent speeding up and slowing down of the moon each month, resulting from its elliptical rather than circular orbit^(g).

The question that has now arisen is whether “It is possible that the mechanism is based on heliocentric principles, rather than the then-dominant geocentric view espoused by Aristotle and others.”^(ab)

Dr Minas Tsikritsis, a Cretan researcher, maintains that an object from the Minoan Age discovered

in 1898 in the Paleokastro site on Crete, was in fact “a cast for building a mechanism that functioned as an analog computer to calculate solar and lunar eclipses.”⁽ⁱ⁾ This was nearly a millennium and a half before the Antikythera Mechanism was manufactured, which would make it Minoan.

Some commentators, such as David Hatcher Childress, see the Antikythera device as just another piece of evidence of more complex scientific knowledge among early cultures than is usually accepted and that by extension the possibility of a technologically advanced Atlantis^[620].

In his 2014 book, The Stonhenge Codes^[977], Professor David P. Gregg, has devoted an appendix to the sophistication of the mechanism, in which he discusses the functions of individual shafts and gears. His objective is to show that its complexity is comparable to that of Stonehenge and that our view of early Greek mathematics and astronomy requires revision. His book can be read online^(j).

A January 2019 article elaborates further on the Mechanism’s function as a predictor of possible eclipses^(ae). It may be worth recalling that in the 1960s, Gerald Hawkins suggested that the 56 Aubrey Holes at Stonehenge were also used as eclipse predictors ^[¹⁶¹³^]+, an idea endorsed by Fred Hoyle ^[1614]+. John Edwin Wood in Sun, Moon & Standing Stones ^[^1951.76] preferred Hoyle’s method over Hawkin’s. A 1999 paper has proposed a simpler method than those put forward by either Hawkins or Hoyle^(ap). This matter is still the subject of debate^(af).

More recently (Feb.2020), Alexander Jones, has offered a highly technical investigation(^(ag) of the possible date for the construction of the Mechanism and concluded that “while the dating of the eclipse series inscribed on the Mechanism’s Saros Dial taken by itself may suggest a dating of the Mechanism’s construction somewhere within the 76 years after 205/204 BCE, other considerations such as the archaeological context in which it was found, together with what is otherwise known of the development of Greek astronomy in the Hellenistic period, may outweigh this preference and favor a later date.”

Opus Gemini, a trilogy of novels by Andreas Möhn, based on the Antikythera Mechanism was published in the Kindle format in September 2013 and is also available in other formats. Further information and updates are available on his website^(m).

The following website^(a), will keep you up to date on related developments.

New Scientist announced on June 4th, 2014^(k) that plans have been made to dive again to the Antikythera wreck in the hope of finding a second ‘mechanism’, using a ‘wearable submarine’. The Sept/Oct season of 2014 ended with evidence that the ship had been up to 50 metres long, making it the largest ancient shipwreck ever discovered^(l). It also had an estimated carrying capacity of 300 tons.

The February 2015 edition of Smithsonian Magazine gives an up-to-date review of the scientific studies of the Mechanism^(p). In June 2016 the Smithsonian returned to the subject with an article^(u) devoted to the extensive writing, some less than a millimetre tall, revealed by CT scans on virtually every surface. This recent study indicates that the Mechanism also appears to have an astrological purpose! These investigations also pointed to the Aegean island of Rhodes as its place of manufacture.

In August 2016, further dives confirmed that “the ancient cargo in Antikythera, still full of goods, is located at a depth of around 60 metres, making the work of divers particularly difficult. They only have 20 minutes to explore the sea. To help them, a set of submarine drones are currently being developed for next year. They will detect metal and make real-time analyses of the data collected.”^(v)

Another paper^(t)in 2015 offers a more complete history of the Mechanism’s discovery and subsequent studies.

In 2017, further objects were recovered from the wreck, including parts of a metal statue, as well as compacted metal objects that have yet to be cleaned and separated. It seems that the site has not yielded all its secrets yet^(aa). There are indications that there may be as many as nine statues still to be recovered, which are under huge boulders that overlie the metal objects and may have tumbled onto the wreck during a massive earthquake that shook Antikythera and surrounding islands in the 4th century AD.

A physically smaller but important discovery was that of the part of a gearwheel in Olbia, Sardinia in 2006. Giovanni Pastore, an Italian mechanical engineer, has studied the object and written an article^(s) on it for the Ancient Origins website, where he informs us that it is “dated between the mid-2nd century and the end of the 3rd century BC, has revealed a very important surprise: the teeth have a special curving which makes them extraordinarily similar to the mathematically perfect profile used in modern gears. Moreover, the unusual composition of the alloy (brass) was completely unexpected.”

Further important technical information about the Olbia gearwheel is available on the Italian larazzodeltempo.it website^(ak). Pastore explained, “that those who made the Wheel of Olbia had very advanced knowledge, from mathematics to astronomy, so the manufacturer of the gear wheel of Olbia has anticipated the knowledge of almost 2000 years.” He concluded that the gearwheel indicates that there was “a slow decay of scientific thought that lasted over time until the modern era.”

Inevitably, the suggestion has been made that first-century BC Greeks could not have created the Mechanism without alien assistance as the following quote shows; “While many experts try to offer explanations for how this device could have been conceived, designed and built, all their concepts fail the tests of logic. There is only one possible explanation. Beings with advanced knowledge of astronomical bodies, mathematics and precision engineering tools created the device or gave the knowledge for its creation to someone during the first century B.C. But the knowledge was not recorded or wasn’t passed down to anyone else.“^(x)It is also humorously ‘suggested’ that the early Greeks had laptops!! ^(q)

For the technically minded, a clockmaker, known just as ‘Chris’, has an extensive website^(y) where he has a number of videos illustrating how he has reconstructed copies of individual components of the Antikythera Mechanism.

In 2018, Charles River Editors have produced a fascinating volume ^[¹⁵⁸⁵^] that offers a valuable history of the Mechanism and the various efforts to determine its origin and purpose.

A few days ago (17.11.18) it was announced that a missing piece of the Mechanism had been found near the site of the original finds^(ac). However, Smithsonian Magazine swiftly adopted a more cautious approach^(ad), claiming that it was probably not a piece of the Mechanism! Watch this space.

In March 2021, further investigation revealed that the Mechanism also included “a complex planetarium on the ancient device’s face”, “that matches all the data and culminates in an elegant display of the ancient Greek Cosmos”, “showing the motion of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn—each represented by a small gem—along with the path of the Sun, the phases of the Moon, and the positions of the Zodiac constellations.”^(ah)

The January 2022 edition of Scientific American has an article by Tony Freeth, in which he reviews the discovery and the gradual realisation of the purpose of the Mechanism, concluding with the following paragraph – “with the Antikythera mechanism, we are clearly not at the end of our story. We believe our work is a significant advance, but there are still mysteries to be solved. The UCL Antikythera Research Team is not certain that our reconstruction is entirely correct because of the huge loss of evidence. It is very hard to match all of the surviving information. Regardless, we can now see more clearly than ever what a towering achievement this object represents.” ^(al)

Tony Freeth et al published a paper^(as) in August 2021 explaining how his team offered a reconstruction of the Mechanism designed to take account of the fact that it is “now split into 82 fragments, only a third of the original survives, including 30 corroded bronze gearwheels.”

In April 2022, an article in Live Science reported that “The mysterious Antikythera mechanism, thought by some to be the world’s first computer, was first ‘started up’ on Dec. 22, 178 B.C., archaeologists have now found.” ^(am)

Continuing research has led to a reassessment of the Mechanism’s specifications as explained in a July 2024 report^(at). “In 2020, new X-ray images of one of the mechanism’s rings, known as the ‘calendar ring’, revealed fresh details of regularly spaced holes that sit beneath the ring. Since the ring was broken and incomplete, however, it wasn’t clear how just how many holes were there originally. Initial analysis by Antikythera researcher Chris Budiselic and colleagues suggested it was likely somewhere between 347 and 367.

Now, in a new paper published in the Horological Journal, Glasgow researchers describe how they used two statistical analysis techniques to reveal new details about the ‘calendar ring’. They show that the ring is vastly more likely to have had 354 holes, corresponding to the lunar calendar, than 365 holes, which would have followed the Egyptian calendar. The analysis also shows that 354 holes is hundreds of times more probable than a 360-hole ring, which previous research had suggested as a possible count.”

Work continues at the underwater site as part of a five-year project, coordinated by the University of Geneva. “Since the ship was transporting the highest quality of luxury goods, there is a very real possibility of unimaginable finds, similar in importance to the Mechanism.”^(an) In June 2022 the discovery of a marble head of Hercules was announced^(ao).

During this year’s (2024) investigations, “Swiss researchers were also able to confirm the existence of a second wooden ship in the study area. “Initial analyses show that the ships date from around the same time,” said Lorenz Baumer, head of the excavation project at the University of Geneva, when asked by the Keystone-SDA news agency. They were around 200 metres apart. Further investigations will now show whether there is a connection between the sinking of the two ships.”^(au)

^[1613]+https://archive.org/details/stonehengedecode00gera/mode/2up

^[1614]+https://archive.org/details/onstonehenge0000unse/page/n183/mode/2up

^(a) https://web.archive.org/web/20170627012433/https://antikythera-mechanism.gr/

^(b) https://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2009/jul/29/archaeology-astronomy

^(c) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eUibFQKJqI

^(d)https://www.cbsnews.com/news/apple-engineer-recreates-2000-year-old-computer-using-legos/

^(e)See: Archive 3800

^(f)https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/antikythera-mechanism-eclipse-olympics/

^(g) https://web.archive.org/web/20170509080817/https://www.nature.com/nature/podcast/v468/n7323/nature-2010-11-25.html

^(h) Hublot Antikythera Calibre 2033-CH01 Watch Is A Re-Imagined Greek Masterpiece | aBlogtoWatch

⁽ⁱ⁾ https://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2011/04/researcher-cites-ancient-minoan-era.html (link broken)

^(j)https://www.scribd.com/document/318813275/The-Stonehenge-Codes-pdf (link broken)