Alexander von Humboldt

Fontaine, Edward

Published September 7, 2016

Rev. Edward Fontaine (1814-1884) was a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church, a politician and the author of How the World was Peopled^[1277] in which he favoured the opinions of Brasseur de Bourbourg, who had identified the land of the Toltecs, in Central America, as the home of Atlantis, citing a comparison of Plato’s description of Atlantis with that of the mythical kingdom of Xibalba, similar to Donnelly’s later suggestion.

Fontaine adds quotations from classical writers as well as Humboldt in support of this Toltec theory^[p.136-140]. However, most of the ideas in the book are now long outdated.

Tagged Alexander von Humboldt, Atlantis, Brasseur de Bourbourg, Central America, Edward Fontaine, Methodist Episcopal Church, Toltecs, Xibalba

Maya

Published June 10, 2010

The Maya of ancient Mexico and Guatemala have generated much controversy regarding their origins^(w). Recent studies indicate that the story of the development of this remarkable civilisation may be more complex than previously thought^(k). The demise of the Mayan culture (800-950 AD) has now been definitively shown to be the result of persistent drought, particularly in the southern lowlands^(o).

Maya Area of Occupation

Nevertheless, a recent (Sept.2021) article^(ac)with contributions from several authorities, highlights the complexity referred to above, while one area might be collapsing another could be flourishing – “A number of Maya cities rose and fell at different times, some within that 800 to 1000 time period, and some afterwards, according to scholars. For example, while areas in southern Mesoamerica, such as Tikal in what is now Guatemala, declined in the eighth and ninth centuries due to environmental problems and political turmoil, populations rose in other areas, such as Chichén Itzá, in what is now the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula,” and “When Chichén Itzá declined, largely because of a lengthy drought during the 11th century, another Yucatán Peninsula city, called Mayapán, started to thrive.”

“We should always remember, the last Maya state, Nojpetén, fell only in 1697 — pretty recent,” said Guy Middleton, a visiting fellow at the School of History, Classics and Archaeology at Newcastle University in the U.K. “It is really important to get the message out there that though classic Maya cities and states did collapse, and culture did transform, the Maya in no way disappeared,” said Middleton, adding that “we should pay attention to the story, the state and status of the Maya descendent population in Mesoamerica now.”

The commonly held idea, that the Maya were destroyed by drought is now disputed^(ah).

The Maya of Central America today are estimated to number seven million.

Inevitably the Maya have been linked with Atlantis by some writers such as Lewis Spence and E.H. Thompson who claimed that the Maya were descendants of Atlanteans. The maverick, Augustus Le Plongeon, was alone in identifying Atlantis as a colony of the Maya and that their language was in fact Greek! Others, such as Jean-Frédérick Waldeck, included an Egyptian linkage as well.

Richard Cassaro has published a fascinating collection of parallels between the Mayan and Egyptian cultures on Graham Hancock’s website ^(ag).

The controversial American politician Charles Gates Dawes was convinced that there had been a connection between Atlantis and the Maya.

Joachim Rittstieg claimed that the Maya and the Vikings had contact for nearly 500 years (754-1224 AD)^(ae).

However, trumping all that is a recent claim that the Maya had contact with extraterrestrials and that a documentary providing evidence is planned^(b). In a similar vein is the latest English language publication from Erich von Däniken entitled: Astronaut Gods of the Maya^[¹⁴²²^]. Semir Osmanagic, of Bosnian pyramid fame, added a twist to this proposed linkage when he claimed^[⁰⁵¹⁹^] that the Maya had come from Atlantis, which in turn had been founded by visitors from the Pleiades!

For some comic relief, I can suggest a 1976 book^[833] by brothers Eric & Craig Umland which ‘reveals’ that the Maya ‘are remnants of space explorers whose attempts to colonise our solar system went awry more than 40,000 years ago.’ Nearly every page is full of hilarious nonsense and nearly worth the £0.01 currently quoted on Amazon.co.uk. A website⁽ⁱ⁾ dealing with ‘unreason’ uses extracts from the Umlands as good examples! If you wish to read about the Maya in Antarctica, the Canaries as well as the Moon, this is the book for you.

July 2012 saw a report^(j) on the discovery of the largest Mayan manmade dam at Tikal in Guatemala, which was 33ft high and 260ft long and included sand filters.

The Maya had a sophisticated writing system that occupied the attention of some 19^th-century writers including Abbe Brasseur de Bourbourg and Le Plongeon. Unfortunately, de Bourbourg followed the work of the 16^th-century bishop of Yucatán, Diego de Landa whose interpretation was seriously erroneous. It was Constantine Rafinesque who partially deciphered some of the Mayan numerals in 1832.

A report in 2013^(l) indicated that substantial progress has been made in the decipherment of any outstanding difficulties in the translation of the Mayan script through Internet cooperation.

July 2012 saw a report^(j⁾ on the discovery of the largest Mayan man-made dam at Tikal in Guatemala, which was 33ft high and 260ft long and included sand filters. Ten years later, it was discovered that the Maya had also the ability to engineer a water fountain in their city of Palenque^(v) and had advanced water management systems^(z). A recent BBC article^(ab) took an in-depth look at the remarkable hydrological capabilities of the Maya.

Since Tikal was first seen by a European, probably in 1696, it became recognised as Guatemala’s largest archaeological site. In 2021 the use of lidar revealed that the city was four times more extensive than previous thought. The March 2024 edition of National Geographic has an article highlighting the wonderful discoveries regarding the sophisticated society of the Maya revealed by lidar. Unfortunately, looting continues to be a serious problem compounded by a lack of funds to properly exploit the tourism potential of places such as Tikal.

In 2020, the largest and oldest Mayan monument in Mexico was identified. It is in the form of a ceremonial platform that is between 33 and 50 feet tall and is nearly a mile long^(x). The structure, dated to around 3,000 years ago and was discovered with the help of LIDAR in the state of Tabasco.

James O’Kon, an engineer, has investigated Mayan technology for decades, including the discovery of a suspension bridge at the ancient Mayan city of Yaxchilan in Mexico in 1995, which is believed to be the longest bridge of the ancient world^(r⁾. This and other aspects of Mayan technology he explores in his book, The Lost Secrets of Maya Technology^[¹⁴⁹⁰^].

One of those technological secrets was the unusual acoustics found at Mayan sites, particularly Chichen Itza^(ad). In 1931 Leopold Stokowski, the renowned conductor, spent four days at the site to determine the acoustic principles that could be applied to an open-air concert theatre he was designing. He failed to learn the secret.

More recently, Lorraine Stobbart has written Utopia: Fact or Fiction^[^0476], which suggests that the ‘Utopia’ of Sir Thomas More was inspired by the Mayan culture although his text was written before Mexico was ‘officially’ discovered. Stobbart recently revealed that she is now revising her views.

However, a more serious claim relates to the idea that Mayan inscriptions revealed that a global catastrophe was to occur in 2012. This nonsense^(g) turned into a minor publishing industry. Some even tried to link this daft idea to Atlantis. Fortunately, May 2012 saw evidence from excavations in Guatemala that shows the Mayan calendar extending well beyond 2012^(h).

The Mayan calendar has provoked speculation and controversy ever since its discovery. Its origins are obscure, but one interpretation is that the world we live in was created on this day in 3114 B.C. A quite different view was proposed over seventy years ago by Georg Hinzpeter of the German Hoerbiger Society who claimed that our Moon was captured by the Earth in June of 8498 BC and that it became the zero date for the Maya.^(y)

Aloys Eiling, the German researcher, commented on the accuracy of the Mayan calendar “The Mayan calendar even surpasses the precision of the Gregorian calendar in use today. Not only did the Mayan calendar measure the duration of the Earth’s orbit around the sun more accurately than our current calendar, but the Maya gave an even more precise value for the average duration of the Moon’s orbit around Earth. The precision achieved is all the more remarkable as the Moon in deserts or regions with clear skies may have played an important role in everyday life as a nightly source of light. But of what use is its dull light in the rainforest or cloudy regions of the world?”^(af)

>>The accuracy of the Mayan calendar is such that it loses just one day in 6,000 years^(ap).<<

In 2012, it was reported that Mike Baillie, the renowned dendrochronologist, had discovered a correlation between ice core chemistry spikes and the Mayan Long Count Calendar^(al)(m).

The late David H. Kelley, a Harvard-educated archaeologist and epigrapher at Canada’s University of Calgary, had been investigating ancient links between Asia and pre-Columbian America. In that regard, he published a paper outlining similarities between the Mayan and ancient Chinese calendars that were too numerous to be explained by independent development^(p). A more sceptical view is offered^(an)by Jason Colavito, who traces the idea back to Alexander von Humboldt^(q).

In a paper entitled On the Mayan Chronology^(ao), Emilio Spedicato offers several ideas regarding ancient Meso-American chronologies. For example, he proposes that the large numbers used by the Maya and Toltecs record days rather than years. Many of his ideas stem from the work of Immanuel Velikovsky, John Ackerman and the Tollmans.

The work of Teobert Maler at the end of the 19th century was invaluable in the advancement of Mayan studies. Subsequent researchers have seized upon his discovery of a frieze at Tikal, which he interpreted as a depiction of the destruction of Atlantis, as evidence of the existence of Atlantis in the Atlantic. Apart from Maler’s conjectural ideas, no tangible link has been found between the Maya and Atlantis apart from the use in their glyphs of elephants, an animal that features in Plato’s narrative.

The authenticity of the photo of the frieze has been called into question by Jason Colavito and his related blog⁽ⁿ⁾ is worthy of consideration.

Otto Muck overstated it somewhat when he wrote “If Atlantis had not existed there would be no way of explaining the origins of the Maya civilisation”^[^098.^243]

In late 2011 controversy erupted when it was claimed that the Itza Maya had migrated to North America, more specifically Georgia^(c). It was also suggested that earthen pyramids in Georgia and Florida can be attributed to the Maya^(e). Richard Thornton led the charge with this claim, which understandably generated considerable controversy. This led to a frosty exchange between Thornton and Jason Colavito^(ai).

Among their other accomplishments is the claim that the Maya were capable of predicting meteor showers^(s).

Gene Matlock, the well-known advocate of Atlantis in Mexico, is certain that the Maya were originally Tamils from Sri Lanka^(a) and Sumerians!

Kurt Schildmann’s 2003 book ^[1759], was reviewed by Dr Horst Friedrich who commented that “One of the provisional results of Schildmann’s decipherment of the Maya script, and study of the Maya language, is the rather sensational discovery that words from several Old World languages (Sumerian, Accadian, Indo-Iranian, Phoenician, Hebrew and Basque) have somehow found their way into the Maya language.”⁽^aa⁾ I’m sure this will be disputed!

A recent article^(f)gives an interesting firsthand account of encountering the important Mayan city of Calakmul deep in the Yucatan jungle. Potentially even more important are recent LiDAR surveys carried out in Guatemala that have revealed an astounding number of previously unidentified Mayan structures. The number of additional Mayan sites identified through the use of LiDAR continues to grow at an incredible rate^(u). It was estimated in 2022 that “researchers using laser technology have located nearly 1,000 previously unknown Maya settlements in Guatemala – the sites include ceremonial centers, sporting facilities, roads, and reservoirs“^(ak).

In June 2023, it was announced that once again that LiDAR had enabled another forgotten Mayan city to be located in the Yucatan⁽^aj⁾.

Muddying the waters further is an Islamic site that claims that the Maya were Atlantean^(m).

⁽^a⁾ https://viewzone2.com/ancientturksx.html

^(b)Mayan Filmmaker Offers Photo as Proof of Aliens, Says Hawking Agrees (Exclusive) (archive.org)

^(c)http://www.billdawers.com/2011/12/22/is-there-an-1100-year-old-mayan-site-in-north-georgia/

^(e⁾ http://www.mayainamerica.com/2012/01/pyramids-in-florida-and-georgia.html

^(f)https://travel4wildlife.com/deep-jungle-puerta-calakmul-mexico/#.U5K8MpAU9to

^(g)https://web.archive.org/web/20140811054919/https://2012hoax.wikidot.com/oldstart

^(h) https://www.christianpost.com/news/earliest-mayan-mural-contradicts-dec-21-2012-doomsday-74788/

⁽ⁱ⁾https://web.archive.org/web/20200925184903/https://www.jfk-online.com/exploring.html

^(j)https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/07/120716191443.htm?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+sciencedaily%2Ffossils_ruins%2Fancient_civilizations+%28ScienceDaily%3A+Fossils+%26+Ruins+News+–+Ancient+Civilizations%29

^(k) https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/04/130425142343.htm

^(l)https://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2013/may/28/maya-script-glyph-language-decoding?INTCMP=SRCH

^(m)https://mashiyah.blogspot.ie/ (offline 1/8/14)

⁽ⁿ⁾https://www.jasoncolavito.com/1/post/2014/02/did-the-maya-depict-the-end-of-atlantis-at-tikal.html

^(p) https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/mayan-calendar-similar-ancient-chinese-early-contact-006612

^(q)https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/newly-published-articles-claim-mexican-calendar-derives-from-chinese-original

^(r) The Lost Secrets of Maya Technology (archive.org)

^(s) Ancient Maya May Have Foreseen Meteor Showers – Eos *

^(t) https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/02/lasers-shed-some-light-on-the-maya-snake-kingdom/

^(u)https://news.artnet.com/art-world/technology-transforming-mayan-archaeology-1558456

^(v) https://content.usatoday.com/communities/sciencefair/post/2010/03/maya-pyramid-plumbing-unearthed-by-archaeologists/1#.Xm-Nb2BFBVc (link broken)

^(w) Mexico and atlantis | Truth Control (archive.org)

^(x) https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/largest-and-oldest-maya-structure-found-mexico-lidar-180975037/

^(y) Atlantean Research, Vol 3, No.1, May, 1950

^(z) Maya Water System Discoveries Show the Ancient Civilization in a New Light | Discover Magazine

^(aa) https://www.migration-diffusion.info/books.php

^(ab) The Maya’s ingenious secret to survival – BBC Travel

^(ac) https://www.livescience.com/why-maya-civilization-collapsed.html

⁽^ad⁾ https://www.nature.com/articles/news041213-5

^(ae) http://atlantisorschung.de/index.php?title=Joachim_Rittstieg

^(af) https://grahamhancock.com/eilinga3/

^(ag) The Ancient Egyptians and Mayans: Ten Unexplained Parallels – Graham Hancock Official Website

^(ah) Ancient Maya lessons on surviving drought: Huge variety of plant foods made their starvation unlikely — ScienceDaily

^(ai) Richard Thornton and the “Maya” of Georgia – JASON COLAVITO

^(aj) https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/lost-maya-city-discovered-deep-in-the-jungles-of-mexico

^(ak) https://news.artnet.com/art-world/guatemala-mirador-calakmul-karst-basin-lidar-maya-settlements-2235254

^(al) Mayan Match: Baillie discovers correlation between ice core chemistry spikes and Mayan Long Count Calendar – The Cosmic Tusk

^(am) Microsoft Word – Science Brevia paper.doc (cosmictusk.com)

^(an) Atlantis, Mu, and the Maya – JASON COLAVITO *

^(ao) ON THE MAYAN CHRONOLOGY – Ruggero Marino – Cristoforo Colombo *

^(ap)Celestial and Mathematical Precision in Ancient Architecture (redicecreations.com) *

Tagged 2012, Alexander von Humboldt, Aloys Eiling, Augustus le Plongeon, Brasseur de Bourbourg, Calakmul, Calendars, Chichen Itza, David H. Kelley, Drought, E.H.Thompson, Edith & Alexander Tollman, Emilio Spedicato, Eric & Craig Umland, Erich von Daniken, extraterrestrials, Florida, Gene Matlock, Georg Hinzpeter, Georgia, German Hoerbiger Society, Guatemala, Guy Middleton, Horst Friedrich, Immanuel Velikovsky, Itza Maya, James O'Kon, Jason Colavito, Jean-Frederick Waldeck, Joachim Rittstieg, John Ackerman, Kurt Schildmann, Leopold Stokowski, Lewis Spence, LIDAR, Lorraine Stobbart, Maya, Mayan Long Count Calendar, Mesoamerica, Mexico, Mike Baillie, National Geographic, Otto Muck, Pleiades, Richard Cassaro, Richard Thornton, Santorini, Semir Osmanagic, Tamils, Teobert Maler, Thomas More, Tikal, Toltecs, Yaxchilan, Yucatan

Humboldt, Alexander Freiherr von *

Published May 31, 2010

Alexander Freiherr von Humboldt (1769-1859) was a renowned German scientist and explorer. He spent five years (1799-1804) on an expedition to South America. While there he discovered the Casiquiare River, which links the Amazon and Orinoco rivers.

Humboldt expressed the view that Atlantis had possibly been located in America, although in his 1814 book, Personal Narrative of Travels^{[1329.v1.201]}, he stated that he did “not intend to form any opinion in favour of the existence of the Atlantis.”

Humboldt also considered the likelihood of ancient links between Europe and the Americas, pointing out remarkable similarities between the Nahuatl and Greek languages. An example of which is the Aztecan Nahuatl language’s teo-cali (god’s house) and the Greek theoukalia (shrine or god’s house).

Furthermore, Humboldt also claimed that the Mayan and ancient Chinese calendars had a common source, an idea adopted by David H. Kelley in a paper written decades ago, but only recently published in the journal Pre-Columbiana. A review of his work by Tara MacIsaac in Epoch Times^(b) should also be read. Jason Colavito has offered a sceptical view of that claim^(a).

However, Galanopoulos and Bacon assert^[²⁶³^.96] that Humboldt favoured a Mediterranean inspiration for the Atlantis drama.

^(a) https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/newly-published-articles-claim-mexican-calendar-derives-from-chinese-original

^(b) Mayan Calendar Similar to Ancient Chinese: Early Contact? (archive.org) *

Tagged A.G. Galanopoulos, Alexander von Humboldt, Amazon River, America, David H. Kelley, Edward Bacon, Jason Colavito, Maya, Nahuatl, Pre-Columbiana, Tara MacIsaac

Ogygia *

Published May 30, 2010

Ogygia is the home of Calypso, referred to by Homer in Book V of his Odyssey. It is accepted by some as an island in the Mediterranean that was destroyed by an earthquake before the Bronze Age. The Greek writers Euhemerus in the 4^th century BC and Callimachus who flourished in the 3^rd century BC, identified the Maltese archipelago as Ogygia. Others have more specifically named the Maltese island of Gozo as Ogygia. Anton Mifsud has pointed out^[209] that Herodotus, Hesiod and Diodorus Siculus have all identified the Maltese Islands with Ogygia.

John Vella has added his support to the idea of a Maltese Ogygia in a paper published in the Athens Journal of History (Vol.3 Issue 1) in which he noted that “The conclusions that have emerged from this study are that Homer’s Ogygia is not an imaginary but a reference to and a record of ancient Gozo-Malta.”

Adding to the confusion, Aeschylus, the tragedian (523-456 BC) calls the Nile, Ogygian, and Eustathius, a Byzantine grammarian (1115-1195), claimed that Ogygia was the earliest name for Egypt^(j).

Isaac Newton wrote a number of important works including The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended ^[1101], in which he discussed a range of mythological links to Atlantis, including a possible connection with Homer’s Ogygia. There is now evidence that he concurred^(c) with the idea of a Maltese Ogygia in The Original of Monarchies^(d).

Strabo referred to “Eleusis and Athens on the Triton River [in Boiotia]. These cities, it is said, were founded by Kekrops (Cecrops), when he ruled over Boiotia (Boeotia), then called Ogygia, but were later wiped out by inundations.”⁽ⁱ⁾ However, Strabo also declared that Ogygia was to be found in the ‘World Ocean’ or Atlantic ^(j). To say the least, these two conflicting statements require explanation.

Richard Hennig opted for Madeira following the opinion of von Humboldt. Spanuth argued strongly against either Madeira or the Canaries^[0017.149] and gave his support to the Azores as the most likely location of Calypso’s Island.. Not unexpectedly the Azores, in the mid-Atlantic, have also been nominated as Ogygia by other 20th century researchers such as Sykes^(e) and Mertz^[397]. In a 2019 paper^(f), Gerard Janssen also placed Ogygia in the Azores, specifically naming the island of Saõ Miguel, which both Iman Wilkens ^[610.239] and Spanuth ^[015.226] also claimed. Spanuth added that until the 18th-century Saõ Miguel was known as umbilicus maris, which is equivalent to the Greek term, omphalos thallasses, used by Homer to describe Ogygia in chapter eight of the Odyssey!

Homer in his Odyssey identifies Ogygia as the home of Calypso. The Roman poet Catullus writing in the 1^st century BC linked Ogygia with Calypso in Malta^(g). However, Gozo’s claim is challenged by those supporting Gavdos in Crete^(k). This opinion has been expounded more fully by Katerina Kopaka in a paper published in the journal Cretica Chronica^(l), where her starting point is the claim that Gavdos had been previously known as Gozo! Another Greek claimant is Lipsi^(o) in the Dodecanese. We must also add Mljet in Croatia to the list of contenders claiming^(p) to have been the home of Calypso. Mljet is also competing with Malta as the place where St. Paul was shipwrecked!

Further south is the beautiful Greek island of Othoni near Corfu where local tradition claims an association with Calypso. An article on the Greek Reporter website^(r) suggests that “Evidence confirming this legend appears in the writings of Homer, who described a strong scent of cypress on Ogygia. Many cypress trees are grown on Othonoi.

Shortly after departing the island on a raft, Odysseus is shipwrecked on Scheria, which we know of today as Corfu. This implies that the two islands Homer described were relatively close. Likewise, the islands of Othonoi and Corfu are separated by a relatively short distance. Due to this mythological connection, during the 16th century, many naval maps described Othonoi as ‘Calypso island.‘”

Mifsud quotes another Roman of the same period, Albius Tibullus, who also identified Atlantis with Calypso. Other Maltese writers have seen all this as strong evidence for the existence of Atlantis in their region. Delisle de Sales considered Ogygia to be between Italy and Carthage, but opted for Sardinia as the remains of Calypso’s island.

Other researchers such as Geoffrey Ashe and Andrew Collins have opted for the Caribbean as the home of Ogygia. Another site supports Mesoamerica as the location of Ogygia, which the author believes can be equated with Atlantis⁽^h). An even more extreme suggestion by Ed Ziomek places Ogygia in the Pacific^(b)!

In the Calabria region of southern Italy lies Capo Collone (Cape of Columns). 18th-century maps^(m) show two or more islands off the cape with one named Ogygia offering echoes of Homer’s tale. Respected atlases as late as 1860 continued to show a non-existent island there. It seems that these were added originally by Ortelius, inspired by Pseudo-Skylax and Pliny⁽ⁿ⁾. Additionally, there is a temple to Hera Lacinia at Capo Colonne, which is reputed to have been founded by Hercules!

By way of complete contrast, both Felice Vinci and John Esse Larsen have proposed that the Faeroe Islands included Ogygia. In the same region, Iceland was nominated by Gilbert Pillot as the location of Ogygia and Calypso’s home^[⁷⁴²^]. Ilias D. Mariolakos, a Greek professor of Geology also makes a strong case^(a) for identifying Iceland with Ogygia based primarily on the writings of Plutarch. He also supports the idea of Minoans in North America.

A more recent suggestion has come from Manolis Koutlis^[1617], who, after a forensic examination of various versions of Plutarch’s work, in both Latin and Greek, also placed Ogygia in North America, specifically on what is now the tiny island of St. Paul at the entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada, a gulf that has also been proposed as the location of Atlantis.

Jean-Silvain Bailly also used the writings of Plutarch to sustain his theory of Ogygia, which he equated with Atlantis having an Arctic location^[0926.2.299], specifically identifying Iceland as Ogygia/Atlantis with the islands of Greenland, Nova Zembla and Spitzbergen (Svalbard) as the three islands equally distant from it and each other.

The novelist Samuel Butler (1835-1902) identified Pantelleria as Calypso’s Island, but the idea received little support^(q).

Writing over a century ago, George H. Cooper proposed Calypso’s Cave was now known as Fingal’s Cave on the Scottish Isle of Staffa ^[236.150].

However, Ireland has been linked with Ogygia by mainly Irish writers. In the 17th century historian, Roderick O’Flaherty(1629-1718), wrote a history of Ireland entitled Ogygia^[0495], while in the 19th century, Margaret Anne Cusack (1832-1899) also wrote a history in which she claimed^[1342] a more explicit connection. This was followed in 1911 by a book^[1343] by Marion McMurrough Mulhall in which she also quotes Plutarch to support the linking of Ireland and Ogygia. More recently, in The Origin of Culture^[0217]Thomas Dietrich promotes the same view, but offers little hard evidence to support it.